Figure 5.

Frequency distributions of right-arm elevation. Comparison of histograms of the fractions of time with elevation of the right upper arm (above) or the right forearm (below) for operations with direct endoscopy and monitor endoscopy - mean and standard deviation (direct endoscopy: n = 10, monitor endoscopy: n = 9), * = significantly different (p < 0.05). Specifications of the arm elevation angles are provided in the insets.